Intervención educativa basada en metodologías B-learning para mejorar las citologías cervicales: experiencias de enfermeras / Intervenção educacional através do B-learning para melhorar a citologia cervical: experiências de enfermeiras / Educational intervention through B-learning to improve cervical cytology: experiences of nurses

Resumen Objetivo analizar las experiencias de enfermeras en la toma de las citologías cervicales y otros factores organizacionales durante una intervención educativa asistida por metodologías B-learning. Método estudio cualitativo realizado en San Luis Potosí, México. Participaron 15 enfermeras. La recolección de datos se hizo a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas con base en una sistematización de experiencias. Para el análisis de la información se utilizó el programa Taguette y como referente teórico las metodologías B-learning. Resultados se identificaron debilidades en factores relacionados con la accesibilidad de las usuarias al servicio, insumos, infraestructura, bioseguridad, capacitación del personal de salud, entrega de resultados a las pacientes y conocimiento del programa por parte de las usuarias. Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica el cáncer cervical es un problema de salud pública. La citología cervical es la prueba de tamizaje más utilizada; sin embargo, existen limitantes en la calidad, por lo que se proponen acciones para mejorar los conocimientos y habilidades del personal de enfermería que tiene como función la toma. La intervención educativa fue efectiva para fomentar el aprendizaje integral sobre la toma de las citologías cervicales y permitió al personal de enfermería compartir sus experiencias.

Resumo Objetivo analisar as experiências das enfermeiras na realização de esfregaços cervicais e outros fatores organizacionais durante uma intervenção educacional assistida por metodologias de b-learning. Método estudo qualitativo realizado em San Luis Potosí, México. Participaram 15 enfermeiras. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas a partir de uma sistematização de experiências. Para a análise das informações, utilizou-se o programa Taguette e metodologias de b-learning como referencial teórico. Resultados foram identificadas fragilidades em fatores relacionados com a acessibilidade dos usuários ao serviço, insumos, infraestrutura, biossegurança, capacitação da equipe de saúde, entrega de resultados aos pacientes e conhecimento do programa pelos usuários. Conclusões e implicações para a prática o câncer do colo do útero é um problema de saúde pública. A citologia cervical é o teste de triagem mais utilizado; no entanto, existem limitações na qualidade, por isso são propostas ações para aprimorar os conhecimentos e habilidades das enfermeiras que estejam desempenhando essa função. A intervenção educacional foi eficaz para promover o aprendizado integral sobre a realização do esfregaço cervical e permitiu que as enfermeiras compartilhassem suas experiências.

Abstract Objective to analyze the nursing staff's experiences in taking cervical smears and other organizational factors during an educational intervention assisted by B-learning methodologies. Method a qualitative study was carried out in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, with 15 nurses. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews based on a systematization of experiences. The Taguette program and B-learning methodologies as theoretical references were used to analyze the information. Results weaknesses were identified in factors related to the accessibility of users to the service, supplies, infrastructure, biosafety, training of health personnel, delivery of results to patients, and knowledge of the program by the users. Conclusions and implications for practice cervical cancer is a public health problem. Cervical cytology is the most widely used screening test; however, there are limitations in quality, so actions are proposed to improve the knowledge and skills of the nursing staff in their functions. The educational intervention effectively promoted comprehensive learning about taking cervical smears and allowed the nursing staff to share their experiences.

Factores que afectan la suficiencia e interpretación de la citología de cuello uterino / Factors affecting cervical cytological sample adequacy and interpretation

Objetivo: evaluar los factores que afectan la suficiencia e interpretación de la citología de cuello uterino. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal y retrospectivo en el Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo, Venezuela con la revisión de las historias clínicas e informes de las citologías de cuello uterino de la consulta de ginecología y obstetricia de enero a diciembre 2019. Se analizan las características generales y la clasificación de los informes (satisfactorios para la evaluación, satisfactorios pero limitados por y no satisfactorios). Resultados: se seleccionaron 581 informes de los cuales 329 (56,6%) eran muestras satisfactorias, 233 (40,1%) satisfactorias pero limitadas y 19 (3,3%) insatisfactorios. El análisis univariante demostró que la muestra insatisfactoria, la presencia síntomas al momento de la toma y el tipo de método anticonceptivo fueron factores que se asociaron significativamente (p < 0,0001). Los que influyeron para un resultado anormal de la citología cervical fueron frotis satisfactorio (razón de probabilidad, 4,78; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 3,127-8,136) y presencia de síntomas (razón de probabilidad, 11,652; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 2,992-38,55). Esta asociación continuó siendo significativa luego de ajustarlos a los factores de edad, paridad, edad al momento de la toma de la primera citología y método de anticoncepción (p < 0,0001). Conclusión: la suficiencia de la muestra de citología es un factor importante para la detección de anomalías celulares de cuello uterino y evitar resultados falsos negativos, retrasando la detección del cáncer.

Objective: to evaluate factors that affect cervical cytological sample adequacy and interpretation. Materials and methods: a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted at Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona", Maracaibo, Venezuela by a review of the gynecology and obstetrics outpatient clinic medical records and cervical smear reports from January to December 2019. The general characteristics and classification of the reports (as, satisfactory, satisfactory but limited by and not satisfactory for cytological evaluation), were analyzed. Results: out of 581 reports selected, 329 (56.6%) were satisfactory, 233 (40.1%) satisfactory but limited and 19 (3.3%) not satisfactory. A univariate analysis showed that not satisfactory samples, presence of symptoms at the time of collection and type of contraceptive method were significantly associated factors (p < 0.0001). Those influencing an abnormal result were satisfactory smears (odds ratio, 4.78; confidence interval 95%, 3.127-8.136) and the presence of symptoms (odds ratio, 11.652; confidence interval 95%, 2.992-38.55). This association remained significant after considering other variables such as age, parity, age at first Pap smear and contraceptive method (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: cytological sample adequacy is an important factor for identifying cell abnormalities and avoiding false negative results which delay cancer detection.

Neoplasia intraepitelial escamosa cervical de alto grau: abordagem ambulatorial / High-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: outpatient approach

As neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais correspondem a alterações identificadas por rastreamento citológico cervical e estudo histológico, pós-biópsia incisional guiada por colposcopia ou procedimento diagnóstico excisional. Podem ser tratadas com abordagens conservadoras e procedimentos excisionais. A vacinação anti-HPV e o tratamento excisional oportuno constituem, respectivamente, prevenção primária e secundária contra o câncer do colo uterino.(AU)

Cervical intraephitelial neoplasms correspond to changes identified by cervical citological screening and histological study, post-incisional biopsy guided by colposcopy or excisional diagnostic procedure. They can be treated with conservative approaches and excision procedures. Anti-HPV vaccination and timely excional treatment are primary and secondary prevention against cervical cancer, respectively.(AU)

Acesso e acessibilidade ao rastreamento de câncer em mulheres brasileiras com lesão medular / Acceso y accesibilidad al rastreo de cáncer en mujeres brasileñas con lesión medular / Access and accessibility to cancer screening for Brazilian women with spinal cord injury

Resumo Objetivo identificar e analisar a acessibilidade e o acesso de mulheres brasileiras com lesão medular para a realização de exames preventivos do câncer de mama e colo de útero. Método estudo quantitativo e transversal desenvolvido em plataforma virtual. Realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas e de associação entre as variáveis qualitativas por meio do teste exato de Fisher. Quando identificada a associação (p<0,05), foi realizada a regressão logística. Resultados participaram 120 mulheres brasileiras com lesão medular com idades entre 25 e 67 anos; 85,83% foram ao ginecologista após a lesão medular, 79,17% realizaram a citologia e 52,50%, a mamografia. Observou-se que as mulheres que utilizavam a saúde suplementar apresentaram maior probabilidade de terem ido ao ginecologista do que as usuárias do serviço público. Aquelas com companheiro e as de maior idade apresentaram maior probabilidade de terem realizado o exame de citologia. Para a mamografia, aquelas de maior idade e que utilizavam a saúde suplementar apresentaram maiores chances de terem realizado o exame de mamografia após a lesão medular. Conclusão mulheres com lesão medular buscam a realização de exames de rastreamento. Entretanto, encontram dificuldades relacionadas à estrutura física, aos equipamentos, transporte, profissionais da saúde, assim como dificuldades sociodemográficas e quanto ao serviço de saúde utilizado.

Resumen Objetivo este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar y analizar la accesibilidad y el acceso de mujeres brasileñas con lesión medular para la realización de exámenes preventivos de cáncer de mama y de cuello uterino. Método se desarrolló un estudio cuantitativo y transversal, realizado en un entorno virtual. Los análisis estadísticos descriptivos y la asociación entre variables cualitativas se realizaron mediante la prueba exacta de Fisher, cuando se identificó una asociación se realizó una regresión logística. Resultados participaron 120 mujeres brasileñas con lesión medular, la edad de las participantes varió de 25 a 67 años. Con relación al rastreo, el 85,83% de las mujeres acudió al ginecólogo tras la LM, el 79,17% se sometió a citología y el 52,50% a mamografía. Se observó que las mujeres que utilizaban un seguro médico privado tenían más probabilidades de haber visto a un ginecólogo que las usuarias del servicio público. Las que tenían pareja y mayores tenían más probabilidades de someterse a citología oncótica. Para la mamografía, las que eran mayores y que usaban un seguro médico privado tenían más probabilidades de someterse al examen después de la LM. Conclusión las mujeres con LM buscan pruebas de detección. Sin embargo, enfrentan dificultades relacionadas con la estructura física, equipamientos, transporte, profesionales de la salud, así como dificultades sociodemográficas relacionadas con el tipo de servicio de salud utilizado.

Abstract Objective to identify and analyze the accessibility and accessibility of Brazilian women with spinal cord injury to preventive examinations for breast and cervical cancer. Method quantitative and cross-sectional study developed in a virtual platform. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed, as well as association analysis between qualitative variables using Fisher's exact test. When identified the association (p<0.05), logistic regression was performed. Results a total of 120 Brazilian women with spinal cord injury, aged between 25 and 67 years participated in the study; 85.83% visited a gynecologist after the spinal cord injury, 79.17% underwent cytology and 52.50% underwent mammography. It was observed that women who used the supplementary health plan were more likely to have visited a gynecologist than those who used the public service. Those who had a partner and were older were more likely to have undergone the cytology exam. For mammography, those who were older and who used supplementary health care were more likely to have had mammography exams after the spinal cord injury. Conclusion women with spinal cord injury seek screening tests. However, they encounter difficulties related to the physical structure, equipment, transportation, health professionals, as well as socio-demographic difficulties and difficulties regarding the health service used.

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la prueba de citología cervical en una población rural peruana / Knowledge, attitudes and practices on cervical cytology in a Peruvian rural population

Introducción: La citología cervical constituye la principal herramienta para la detección y tratamiento del cáncer de cérvix. Algunos estudios llevados a cabo en población urbana han relacionado la realización y adherencia con los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas favorables de las mujeres con respecto a esta prueba. Objetivo: evaluar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas con respecto a la citología cervical en mujeres pertenecientes a un grupo poblacional del ámbito rural. Material y Métodos: estudio de corte transversal-analítico en una población de aproximadamente 3148 mujeres en edad fértil, de ellas se obtuvo una muestra representativa. Se utilizó una encuesta anónima, validada, dirigida, y aplicada por personal de salud capacitado que labora en centros de salud del primer nivel de atención de los distritos de la provincia de Bolívar, La Libertad. Resultados: El 80 por ciento de las mujeres encuestadas tuvo un nivel de conocimiento alto e intermedio, el 70 por ciento una actitud favorable, mientras que el 44 por ciento reportó prácticas correctas en relación con la prueba de citología cervical. El nivel de conocimiento alto e intermedio estuvo asociado a la edad mayor de 30 años (p:0.02), estado civil casada (p:0.05), el mayor grado de instrucción (p:0.00) y el uso de métodos anticonceptivos (p:0.01); no se encontró relación con la edad de inicio de relaciones sexuales (p:0.98). Conclusiones: Existe un alto nivel de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas correctas hacia la citología cervical en la población rural de la provincia de Bolívar, pero una baja adherencia hacia la misma(AU)

Introduction: Cervical cytology is the main tool for the detection and treatment of cervical cancer. Some studies carried out in the urban population have associated the realization and adherence with knowledge, attitudes and favorable practices of women with respect to this test. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices towards cervical cytology in women of childbearing age in a rural Peruvian province. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in a population of approximately 3148 women of childbearing age, a representative sample was obtained. An anonymous, validated, directed survey was used; it was applied by trained health personnel working in health centers of the primary care level in the districts of the province of Bolívar, La Libertad. Results: A total of 400 surveys were carried out. The results showed that 80 percent of the women surveyed had high and intermediate levels of knowledge, 70 percent had a favorable attitude, while 44 percent reported correct practices related to the cervical cytology test. The high and intermediate levels of knowledge were associated with age over 30 years (p: 0.02), married marital status (p: 0.05), the highest level of instruction (p: 0.00) and the use of contraceptive methods (p: 0.01); no relationship was found with the age of onset of sexual intercourse (p: 0.98). Conclusions: There is a high level of knowledge, attitudes and correct practices towards cervical cytology in the rural population of the province of Bolívar, but a low adherence to it(AU)

Overlapping Cervical Cell Image Segmentation Based on Bottleneck Detection and Watershed Algorithm / 中国医疗器械杂志

This study proposes an image segmentation method based on bottleneck detection and watershed algorithm to solve the problem of overlapping cervical cell image. First, we use polygon approximation to get all feature points on the cell contour and then use bottleneck detection and ellipse fitting to obtain the correct split point pairs. Therefore, the approximate range of the overlapping region was determined. The watershed algorithm was used to obtain the internal boundary information for the gradient image of the region. Finally, the segmentation results of the overlapped cells were obtained by superimposing with the outer contour. The experimental results show that this algorithm can segment the contour of a single cell from the overlapping cervical cell images with good accuracy and integrity. The segmentation result is close to that of doctors' manual marking, and the segmentation result is better than other existing algorithms.

Estratégias Utilizadas para Melhorar a Qualidade dos Exames Citopatológicos / Strategies Used to Improve the Quality of Citopathological Examinations / Estrategias Utilizadas para Mejorar la Calidad de los Examenes Citopatológicos

Introdução: O exame citopatológico é utilizado para detecção precoce das lesões precursoras do câncer do colo uterino. Objetivo: Avaliar os indicadores de qualidade de acordo com o Manual de Gestão da Qualidade para Laboratório de Citopatologia. Método: Verificaram-se os laudos das fichas de requisição dos exames citopatológicos do laboratório clínico da Pontifícia Universidade de Goiás (LC-PUC-Goiás) entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2017. Resultados: Do total de 6.809 diagnósticos, observaram-se 99,4% (6.768/6.809) satisfatórios, sendo 91,3% (6.215/6.809) resultados negativos, 8,1% (553/6.809) diagnósticos com anormalidades citológicas e 0,6% (41/6.809) de exames insatisfatórios. O índice de positividade dos anos de 2013 a 2017 foram 10,5%, 7,9%, 8,6%, 6,8% e 5,3%, respectivamente. O percentual de exames compatíveis com lesão intraepitelial de alto grau (HSIL) entre os exames satisfatórios no ano de 2013 foi de 1,3%; 2014: 1,0%; 2015: 0,5%; 2016: 0,6%; e 2017: 0,7%, resultados dentro do estabelecido, ≥0,4%. A relação de células escamosas atípicas (ASC)/satisfatórios demostrou valores acima do estabelecido nos anos de 2013 com 6,8% e 2015 com 6,1%. Segundo o Manual de Gestão para Controle de Qualidade, espera-se que, no máximo, 4% a 5% de todos dos exames sejam classificados como ASC. Valores acima de 5% necessitam de uma atenção diferenciada. Conclusão: É de suma importância a educação continuada dos profissionais que participam de todas as etapas do processo, da fase pré-analítica à analítica, para que possíveis erros possam ser corrigidos e medidas preventivas tomadas para uma melhor qualidade na interpretação dos exames citopatológicos.

Introduction: The cytopathological examination is used for early detection of cervical cancer precursor lesions. Objective: Evaluate the quality indicators according to the Quality Management Manual for the Cytopathology Laboratory. Method: The results of the request forms of cytopathological examinations of the Clinical Laboratory of the Pontifical University of Goiás (LC-PUC-Goiás) were verified between January 2013 and December 2017. Results: Of 6,809 diagnoses in total, 99.4% (6,768/6,809) were satisfactory, 91.3% (6,215/6,809) were negative, 8.1% (553/6,809) presented cytological abnormalities and 0.6% (41/6,809) were unsatisfactory. The Positivity Index from 2013 to 2017 was 10.5%, 7.9%, 8.6%, 6.8% and 5.3%, respectively. The percentage of examinations with high-grade intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) among satisfactory examinations in 2013 was 1.3%, in 2014, 1.0%, in 2015, 0.5%, in 2016, 0.6 % and in 2017, 0.7%, results within the established ≥ 0.4%. The atypical squamous cells (ASC)/satisfactory ratio showed values above the standard figures in 2013 with 6.8% and 2015 with 6.1%. According to the Quality Control Management Manual, it is expected that, at the most, 4% to 5% of all exams be classified as ASC. Values above 5% demand differentiated attention. Conclusion: It is of the utmost importance the continued education of professionals who participate in all stages of the process, from the pre-analytical to the analytical phase, so that possible errors can be avoided and preventive measures taken for better quality interpretation of the cytopathological examinations.

Introducción: El examen citopatológico se utiliza para la detección temprana de lesiones precursoras de cáncer cervical. Objetivo: Evaluar los indicadores de calidad de acuerdo con el Manual de Gestión de Calidad para el laboratorio de citopatología. Método: Se verificaron los informes de los formularios de solicitud para los exámenes citopatológicos del Laboratorio Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad de Goiás (LC-PUC-Goiás), de enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2017. Resultados: Del total de 6.809 diagnósticos, se observarán 99,4% (6.768/6.809) diagnósticos satisfactorios, 91,3% (6.215/6.809) resultados negativos, 8,1% (553/6.809) diagnósticos con anomalías citológicas y 0,6% (41/6.809) exámenes insatisfactorios. El índice de positividad de 2013 a 2017 fue de 10,5%, 7,9%, 8,6%, 6,8% y 5,3% respectivamente. El porcentaje de exámenes compatibles con lesiones intraepiteliales de alto grado (HSIL) entre los exámenes satisfactorios en 2013 fue de 1,3%; 2014: 1,0%; 2015: 0,5%; 2016: 0,6%; y 2017: 0,7%, resultados dentro de lo establecido, ≥0,4%. La relación células escamosas atípicas (ASC)/satisfactorio fue más alta que la establecida en 2013 con 6,8% y 2015 con 6,1%. Según el Manual de Gestión de Control de Calidad, se espera que un máximo del 4% al 5% de todos los exámenes se clasifiquen como ASC. Los valores superiores al 5% requieren una atención diferente. Conclusión: Es de suma importancia la educación continua de los profesionales que participan en todas las etapas del proceso, desde la fase preanalítica hasta la analítica, para que se puedan corregir los posibles errores y se tomen medidas preventivas para una mejor calidad en la interpretación de los exámenes citopatológicos.

Avaliação do Seguimento Clínico de Citopatologia Oncótica em Mulheres na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Evaluation of Clinical Follow of Cytopathology Oncotic in Women in Primary Health Care

Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou o seguimento clínico e terapêutico da citopatologia oncótica em mulheres na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo exploratóriodescritivo, de abordagem quantitativa, realizado na Cidade de Santa Cruz/RN, Brasil, o qual se utilizou de uma amostra de 150 mulheres. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, sob número de parecer 313.430. Resultados: Observou-se que, no tocante ao resultado do exame preventivo, 66% da amostra referiu ter apresentado Cândida albicans, seguido por 28,7% que apresentaram positividade de Gardnerella vaginallis, e que 4,7% tiveram resultados positivos para HPV e NIC I. Conclusões: Observou-se a continuidade da assistência para mulheres que apresentaram NIC I e HPV, no entanto, espera-se que os profissionais de saúde estimulem o acompanhamento da mulher na rede básica de saúde e, consequentemente, fortaleçam o vínculo entre o usuário-serviço, de modo que favoreça a assistência.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the Clinical and therapeutic follow-up of oncotic cytopathology in women in Primary Health Care (PHC). Methods: This was an exploratory descriptive study with a quantitative approach, in the city of Santa Cruz / RN, Brazil, which used a sample of 150 women. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, under number 313 430. Results: It was observed that, in relation to the result of the screening test, 66% of the sample reported having presented Candida albicans, followed by 28.7% who were positive for Gardnerella vaginallis, and 4.7% were positive for HPV and CIN I. Conclusions: it was observed the continuity of care for women with CIN I and HPV, however, it is expected that health professionals encourage the monitoring of women in primary health care network and thus strengthen the bond between the user-service, so that it can favor assistance. (AU)

Células del cuello uterino con atipias que no descartan una lesión de alto grado (ASC-H) con premalignidad / Cervical atypical cells-cannot exclude a premalignant high-grade lesion (ASC-H)

Introducción: la presencia de células escamosas con atipias que no descartan una lesión intraepitelial escamosa de alto grado (ASC-H) es significativa, pues cerca de 50% podrían corresponder a una lesión premaligna del cérvix uterino. Objetivo: describir las alteraciones citomorfológicas más frecuentes en los extendidos citológicos categorizados como células escamosas con atipias que no descartan una lesión intraepitelial escamosa de alto grado (ASC-H), con existencia de lesión clínicamente significativa en el resultado histopatológico. Metodología: estudio retrospectivo en el laboratorio de citología de la Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis, Universidad de Los Andes y Clínica de Prevención del Cáncer de la Sociedad Anticancerosa, Mérida-Venezuela, de los casos analizados entre enero 2010 y diciembre 2016 con resultados citológicos cervicales ASC-H. Resultados: 35,8% (19/53) de los casos presentaron un resultado histopatológico anormal: 22,6% solo infección por HPV y 13,2% una lesión premaligna (CIN) combinada con infección por HPV. El 73,7% con CIN y/o HPV presentó células metaplásicas inmaduras atípicas con hipercromasia (78,6%), anisocariosis (100%), cromatina y membrana irregular (92,9%), sobre fondo de frotis no inflamatorio. Conclusiones: las alteraciones citomorfológicas más frecuentes en los extendidos citológicos de cuello uterino categorizadas como ASC-H y significativamente asociadas con lesión en el resultado histopatológico fueron: anisocariosis, hipercromasia, cromatina y membrana nuclear irregular, sobre un fondo de frotis limpio. Las mismas atipias fueron comunes en los grupos con CIN 1, 2 o 3 y/o HPV, con diferencias estadísticas significativas (p<0,05).

Introduction: the presence of atypical squamous cells-cannot exclude a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H) is significant, for approximately 50% could correspond to a cervix premalignant lesion. Objective: to describe the most frequent cytomorphological alterations on cervical cytology categorized as ASC-H, associated with a clinically significant histologically proven lesion. Methodology: this was a retrospective study performed at the cytology laboratory of the School of Pharmacy and Bioanalysis of Andes University and the Cancer Prevention Clinic of the Anti-Cancer Society in Merida-Venezuela, on cases with an ASC-H result on cervical cytology, analyzed between January 2010 and December 2016. Results: abnormal histopathological results were found in 35.8% (19/53) of cases: 22.6% had only an infection by HPV and 13.2% a premalignant lesion (CIN) combined with a HPV infection. 73.7% with CIN and/or HPV presented atypical immature metaplastic cells with hyperchromasia (78%), anisokaryosis (100%), and irregular nuclear membrane chromatin (92.9%), on a non-inflammatory background. Conclusions: the most frequent cytomorphological alterations on cervical cytology categorized as ASC-H associated with a significant histologically proven lesion were: anisokaryosis, hyperchromasia and irregular nuclear membrane chromatin, on a clean background. The same atypical cells were common in the CIN 1, 2 or 3 and/or HPV groups, showing statistical significant differences (p<0.05).

Avaliação crítica do papel da citologia cervical em meio líquido no rastreamento do câncer do colo uterino / Critical evaluation of the role of liquid based cervical cytology in screening for cervical cancer

A citologia cervical em meio líquido (CML) foi aprovada pela Administração de Drogas e Alimentos dos EUA (Food and Drug Administration - FDA) com objetivo de reduzir as falhas da citologia cervical convencional (CC). Segundo a literatura atual, a CML aumenta a sensibilidade da citologia cervical, a adequabilidade das amostras e diminui o número de esfregaços insatisfatórios quando comparada com a CC. Embora alguns países tenham legitimado o modelo de CML no rastreio de neoplasia do colo do útero, há controvérsias a respeito da escolha do melhor método de exame citopatológico cervical. Dessa forma, o objetivo da presente revisão é avaliar o impacto da introdução da CML em termos de eficácia, custos, conhecimento técnico necessário e implicações para a sua introdução.(AU)

The liquid based cervical cytology has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in order to reduce failures of conventional cervical cytology (CC). According to current literature, CML increases the sensitivity of cervical cytology, the suitability of the samples and reduce the number of poor smears compared with CC. Although some countries have legitimized the CML model in screening cancer of the cervix, there is a controversy about the choice of the best cervical Pap smear method. Thus, the aim of the current review is to evaluate the impact of the introduction of CML in terms of effectiveness, costs, necessary technical knowledge and implications of its introduction.(AU)

Hallazgos citológicos y factores de riesgo en citología cervical anormal en mujeres de pescadores del norte peruano, 2015 / Cytological findings and risk factors in abnormal cervical cytology in female fishermen from northern Peru, 2015

Introducción: El cáncer de cuello uterino es un problema de salud pública mundial, y es la segunda causa de muerte en el Perú; su estudio se ha realizado más en poblaciones de grandes ciudades, dejando de lado otras poblaciones que podrían tener un riesgo significativo. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a los hallazgos citológicos anormales de cuello uterino en las mujeres de pescadores de una ciudad del norte peruano. Métodos: Investigación transversal analítica de datos secundarios, se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia en las mujeres con vida sexual activa de una población semi urbana del norte peruano. La variable principal fue el hallazgo de lesiones pre invasoras e invasoras del cuello uterino según la citología observada, se cruzó con otras variables sociales, ginecológicas y sexuales; encontrando estadísticos de asociación crudos y ajustados. Resultados: De las 144 encuestadas, el 20% tuvo una alteración citológica y el 26% no se habían realizado la prueba hace más de 3 años. El 14% fue positivo para lesión escamosa intra epitelial de bajo grado, el 1% tuvo un carcinoma escamoso invasor. Al realizar el análisis multivariado, se obtuvo una asociación entre lesión citológica y VPH (p<0,001), el tener inflamación severa (p<0,001), el tener un germen (p=0,001) y el haber iniciado las relaciones sexuales a los 14 años o menos (p=0,024), ajustado por el usar anticonceptivos y el haberse realizado un Papanicolaou. Conclusiones: Se reporta algunos factores asociados en una población sexualmente activa, que reflejan una gran prevalencia de lesiones asociada a factores que deben ser intervenidos.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a global public health problem, and is the second leading cause of death in Peru; the study was conducted more in populations of large cities, leaving aside other populations that could have a significant risk. Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with abnormal cervical cytologic findings in women of fishermen in a city in northern Peru. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical research of secondary data, convenience sampling was performed in women with active sex life in a semi urban population of northern Peru. The principal variable was the finding of pre invasive and invasive cervical lesions observed by cytology, crossed with other social, gynecological and sexual variables; statistical finding of crude and adjusted association. Results: Of the 144 respondents, 20% had a cytological alteration and the 26% had not taken the test over 3 years ago. 14% were positive for squamous intra epithelial lesion low grade, 1% had an invasive squamous carcinoma. When performing multivariate analysis, an association between cytological lesion and HPV (p<0.001), having severe inflammation (p<0.001), having a germ (p=0.001) and initiating sexual intercourse at age 14 or less (p=0.024), adjusted for contraceptive use and Pap tests have been done. Conclusions: Some associated factors in a sexually active population, reflecting a high prevalence of injury associated with factors that have to be operated.

Margen quirúrgico positivo de enfermedad neoplásica en conos cervical, según las técnicas de conización bajo visión directa o video colposcopía realizados en el INCAN / Positive surgical margins of neoplastic disease in cervical cones, according to techniques of conization under direct vision or video colposcopy performed in INCAN

En la Zona de Transformación del Cérvix, se produce las alteraciones epiteliales de las Neoplasias Cervicales por infección del Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH), la conización cervical puede ser: terapéutico y diagnóstico...

There are two indications for cerviical conization: therapeutic and diagnostic neoplastic diseases It´s a challenge to get the piece of cervical cone without disease or positive margins at the edges especially when it is therapeutic...

Hallazgos no neoplásicos y anormalidades celulares epiteliales en citología cervical / Non Neoplastic Findings and Epithelial Cell Abnormalities in Cervical Cytology

Introducción: el examen citológico de Papanicolaou tiene como objetivo el diagnóstico de lesiones precancerosas o cancerosas del cuello uterino, una evaluación hormonal y de flora bacteriana. Objetivos: determinar la proporción de hallazgos no neoplásicos y las anormalidades epiteliales escamosas y glandulares remitidos al área de Citología del Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé. Métodos: se diseñó una investigación de tipo analítico-correlacional prospectiva de corte transversal en todos los frotices referidos de cinco redes y microredes de salud. El procesamiento citológico se realizó en conformidad con los requerimientos internacionales para citología. La interpretación citológica se realizó según el Sistema Bethesda. Resultados: de 72 644 extendidos cérvicouterinos evaluados mediante sistema de calidad del Sistema Bethesda, la proporción de resultados con alteraciones cérvico-uterinas (prevalencia 6,5 por ciento; IC: 95 por ciento: 6,32 por ciento, 6,68 por ciento), negativos posevaluación y Hallazgos no neoplásicos fue de 4724 (6,5 por ciento), 35 318 (51,7 por ciento) y 32 602 (48,2 por ciento) muestras, respectivamente (p< 0,005). La probabilidad posprueba fue de 89,3 por ciento (IC: 95 por ciento: 87,1 por ciento a 91,1 por ciento; likelihood ratio LR > 10) y se estableció una correlación directa significativa entre los hallazgos/NLIM y las edades de los pacientes (rho= 0,477; p< 0,005). Además, 46,53 por ciento de estos hallazgos corresponden a flora sugestiva de vaginosis bacteriana, 22,5 por ciento a cambios reactivos asociados a inflamación y 21 por ciento a metaplasia escamosa. La asociación más frecuente fue la metaplasia escamosa, vaginosis bacteriana e inflamación severa 5,5 por ciento (1495 resultados). Conclusiones: la proporción de hallazgos no neoplásicos fue considerable y las anormalidades epiteliales escamosas y glandulares estuvieron sobre el promedio estándar(AU)

Introduction: The Pap test aims at diagnosing precancerous or cancerous lesions of the cervix, hormonal evaluation, and bacterial flora. Objectives: Determine the proportion of non-neoplastic findings, squamous and glandular epithelial abnormalities referred to the district ofHospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolome. Methods: A prospective, analytical, correlational, cross-sectional research was designedfor all vaginal smear which were referred from five health networks and micro-networks. Cytological processing was carried out in accordance with applicable international requirements. Cytologic interpretation was performed according to Bethesda System. Results: Out of 72,644 cervical smears evaluated by Bethesda quality system, the proportion of results with cervical uterine disorders (prevalence 6.5 percent CI 95 percent: 6.32 percent, 6.68 percent) were 4724 (6.5 percent) samples, negative posevaluación was 35318 (51.7 percent) samples, and nonneoplastic findings 32 602 (48.2 percent) samples, (p< 0.005). Posttest probability was 89.3 percent (CI 95 percent: 87.1 percent to 91.1 percent; likelihood ratio LR > 10) and a significant direct correlation was established between the findings/nLiM and ages of patients (rho= 0.477; p< 0.005). Moreover, 46.53 percent of NIM flora suggestive corresponds to bacterial vaginosis (BV), 22.5 percent to reactive changes associated with inflammation and squamous metaplasia 21 percent (MET). The most frequent association was MET, VB, and severe inflammation 5.5 percent (1495 results). Conclusions: The proportion of non-neoplastic findings was considerable; squamous and glandular epithelial abnormalities were above average standard(AU)

Retardo do tratamento de mulheres com câncer do colo do útero / Delayed treatment of women with cervical cancer

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer do colo do útero é uma doença que apresenta um alto potencial de cura quando diagnosticado e tratado precocemente. Entretanto, sua morbimortalidade em todo o mundo ainda é elevada, constituindo-se um grande problema de Saúde Pública. O diagnóstico tardio desta neoplasia e o atraso no início do tratamento são fatores que comprometem a sobrevivência das mulheres acometidas. Assim, os determinantes para o retardo no atendimento especializado e no início do tratamento precisam ser melhor compreendidos para a efetiva assistência a essas mulheres. OBJETIVO: Descrever as características demográficas, socioeconômicas, clínicas e relacionadas ao acesso a serviços de saúde de mulheres com câncer do colo do útero e investigar a associação destas características com o retardo para um atendimento especializado e para o início do tratamento. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte onde foram incluídas mulheres com câncer do colo do útero atendidas no Hospital Aristides Maltez, no período de 2011 a 2014...

INTRODUCTION: Cervical cancer is a disease that presents a high potential of cure when is diagnosed and treated early. However, their morbidity and mortality worldwide is still high, becoming a major public health problem. The late diagnosis of this tumor and the delay in the start of treatment are factors that compromise the survival of affected women. Thus, the decisive for the delay in specialized care and early treatment need to be better understood for effective assistance to these women. OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographic, socioeconomic , clinical and the access to health care characteristcs of women with cervical cancer and to investigate the association of these characteristics with the delay for specialized care and treatment initiation. METHODOLOGY: This is a cohort study where were included women with cervical cancer treated at Hospital Aristides Maltez, from 2011 to 2014...

Study of Cervical Pap Smears in a Tertiary Hospital.

Cancer of the cervix is the third most common cancer in women. In India and other developing countries cervical cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Cancer of cervix is readily preventable, and can be diagnosed at the pre-invasive stage with adequate and repetitive cytological screening with Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. Objectives: This is a retrospective study aimed to evaluate all previously conducted cervical smears examined at a teaching tertiary hospital during a two year period. Methods: Detailed clinical data and Pap smear cytology reports were obtained and data noted in a structured proforma. All the smears were reported as per the 2001 Bethesda system. Results: A total of 560 Pap smears were examined. Maximum number of patients was in the age group of 31 – 40 years (fourth decade). There were 32 unsatisfactory or inadequate samples (5.71%). A total of 498 smears were reported as Negative for Intraepithelial Lesion or Malignancy (NILM), of which 95 (16.96%) showed normal cytological findings and 403(71.96%) were inflammatory. Out of a total of 433(77.32%) abnormal Pap smears, only 30(6.92%) cases were reported to have epithelial cell abnormality. The 30 abnormal cases comprised of 13 cases with ASC-US, 11 cases of LSIL, two cases of HSIL, three cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma and one case of adenocarcinoma cervix. Conclusion: Premalignant and malignant lesions of cervix can be diagnosed easily by Pap smears. The epithelial cell abnormality rate in our study was 5.36%.

Metodología diagnóstica geométrica fractal y euclidiana de células del cuello uterino / Fractal and Euclidean geometric diagnostic methodology of uterine cervix cells

Introducción: la interpretación patológica de las formas celulares halladas en la citología cervicovaginal es de gran importancia para la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino. Los métodos más ampliamente utilizados para la evaluación de este examen presentan problemas de reproducibilidad y variabilidad interobservador. Objetivo: hacer medidas fractales y euclidianas para diagnosticar matemáticamente células normales y preneoplásicas del epitelio escamoso del cuello uterino. Metodología: se evaluaron 21 células con diagnósticos de normalidad, ASCUS o LIEBG según el sistema Bethesda. Se establecieron medidas geométricas fractales y euclidianas de tres objetos matemáticos definidos: citoplasma, núcleo y totalidad celular. Se calcularon proporciones matemáticas entre estas medidas con el fin de compararlas con los métodos convencionales de clasificación. Resultados: se encontró que las medidas del borde con la rejilla de 2 pixeles y de la superficie del núcleo celular pudieron diferenciar matemática y objetivamente las células normales y las anormales, clasificadas como ASCUS y LIEBG, cuantificando la gravedad de la lesión. Conclusiones: se estableció una metodología diagnóstica objetiva y reproducible que permite identificar la evolución hacia estados celulares de gravedad con base en medidas fractales y euclidianas simultáneas, estableciendo así el nivel de gravedad de las células ASCUS y LIEBG.

Background: Pathological interpretation of cellular form in cervical cytology is very important for prevention of cervical cancer. The methods most frequently used for assessment of this test have reproducibility and inter-observer variability problems. Objective: To make fractal and Euclidean measurements to mathematically diagnose normal and premalignant cells of cervical squamous epithelium. Methodology: 21 cells with normal, ASCUS or LSIL diagnosis according to the Bethesda system were assessed. Fractal and Euclidean geometric measures of three mathematical objects were calculated: cytoplasm, nucleus and whole cell. Mathematical proportions between these measurements were calculated in order to compare them with conventional classification methods. Results: It was found that the nuclear border measures calculated with the 2-pixel grill and the surface measures could mathematically and objectively differentiate normal cells from the pre-malignant ones (ASCUS and LSIL). Conclusions: An objective and reproducible diagnostic method was developed; it allows to identify the evolution towards malignant cellular states based on simultaneous fractal and Euclidean measures, establishing the severity level of ASCUS and LSIL cells.

Diagnóstico fractal y euclidiano de células de cuello uterino / Fractal and euclidian diagnosis of cervix cytology

Basados en geometría fractal se hizo un diagnóstico objetivo y reproducible de células de cuello uterino, que diferencia las normales de aquellas con lesión de bajo grado (LEIBG) o cancerígenas, identificando en forma cuantitativa las células ASCUS. Objetivo: establecer una metodología diagnóstica de las células cervicales normales y preneoplásicas con aplicación simultánea de geometría fractal y euclidiana para definir parámetros matemáticos distintivos de cada uno de dichos estados. Métodos: fotografías digitales de doce células de citologías de mujeres entre 20 y 55 años (tres normales superficiales, tres normales intermedias, tres LEIBG y tres ASCUS). Mediante un programa se calculó la dimensión fractal de tres objetos matemáticos: núcleo, citoplasma y totalidad, a partir del método box-counting; de manera simultánea se determinó el número de pixeles ocupados por la superficie de cada uno y los espacios ocupados por el borde de estos objetos en cada una de las cinco rejillas, para comparar los valores obtenidos. Resultados: al superponer las rejillas de dos y cuatro pixeles los valores de los espacios de ocupación del núcleo permiten establecer diferencias matemáticas entre los grupos de células, presentando como valores en la rejilla dos: normales superficiales (53-56), normales intermedias (75), LEIBG (120-159) y ASCUS (104-121). Conclusiones: se estableció una metodología matemática diagnóstica que diferencia estados preneoplásicos con base en medidas fractales y euclidianas simultáneas del borde del núcleo celular...

An objective and reproducible diagnosis of cervix cytology was made based on fractal geometry, to discriminate between normal cells and low-grade lesion (LSIL) or cancer cells, quantitatively identifying ASCUS cells. Objective: to establish a diagnostic methodology of cervix normal cells and pre-neoplastic cells applying fractal and Euclidian geometry simultaneously to define distinctive mathematical parameters of each of these states. Methods: digital photographs of twelve cytology smears of women between 20 and 55 years of age (three normal-appearing superficial cells, three normal-appearing intermediate cells, three LSIL and three ASCUS). The fractal dimension of three mathematical objects: nuclei, cytoplasm and whole cells was calculated by means of a program based on the box-counting method; simultaneously determining the number of pixels occupied by the area of each of them and the spaces occupied by the outer margin of these objects in each of the five grids, to compare the obtained values. Results: when two and four pixel grids were superimposed on the cell, values of the occupied spaces of the nuclei allow mathematical differences to be established between groups of cells, presenting values in grid two: normal superficial (53-56), normal intermediate (75), LSIL (120-159) and ASCUS (104-121). Conclusions: a mathematical diagnostic methodology was developed differentiating pre-neoplastic states based on simultaneous fractal and Euclidian measures of the peripheral margin of the cell nuclei...

The impact of glucocorticoids and anti-cd20 therapy on cervical human papillomavirus infection risk in women with systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with cervical human papillomavirus infection in women with systemic lupus erythematosus METHODS: This cross-sectional study collected traditional and systemic lupus erythematosus-related disease risk factors, including conventional and biologic therapies. A gynecological evaluation and cervical cytology screen were performed. Human papillomavirus detection and genotyping were undertaken by PCR and linear array assay. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients were included, with a mean age and disease duration of 42.5±11.8 years and 9.7±5.3 years, respectively. The prevalence of squamous intraepithelial lesions was 6.8%. The prevalence of human papillomavirus infection was 29%, with human papillomavirus subtype 59 being the most frequent. Patients with human papillomavirus were younger than those without the infection (38.2±11.2 vs. 44.2±11.5 years, respectively; p = 0.05), and patients with the virus had higher daily prednisone doses (12.8±6.8 vs. 9.7±6.7 mg, respectively; p = 0.01) and cumulative glucocorticoid doses (14.2±9.8 vs. 9.7±7.3 g, respectively; p = 0.005) compared with patients without. Patients with human papillomavirus infection more frequently received rituximab than those without (20.9% vs. 8.5%, respectively; p = 0.03). In the multivariate analysis, only the cumulative glucocorticoid dose was associated with human papillomavirus infection. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative glucocorticoid dose may increase the risk of human papillomavirus infection. Although rituximab administration was more frequent in patients with human papillomavirus infection, no association was found. Screening for human papillomavirus infection is recommended in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. .

Associação multivariada entre alterações citológicas do colo uterino e comportamento de risco em mulheres profissionais do sexo / Multivariate association between the cervix cytological abnormalities and the risk behavior female sex workers

Neste trabalho foram identificadas as associações multivariadas entre as alterações citológicas (AC) do colo uterino e o comportamento de risco das profissionais do sexo (PS) atendidas no Centro de Referência em Saúde Sexual e Reprodutiva (CRESSER) – Sumaré, SP. Das 90 PS participantes, foram coletados dados sociocomportamentais por meio de questionário e amostras cérvico-vaginais para realização do exame de Papanicolaou. Para o teste estatístico foi utilizada a Análise Hierárquica de Agrupamentos (AHA). AC foram detectadas em 33 PS (36,7 por cento), sendo 18 (20,0 por cento) atipias de significado indeterminado possivelmente não neoplásica (ASC-US), quatro (4,4 por cento) atipias de significado indeterminado sem excluir lesão de alto grau (ASC-H), sete (7,8 por cento) lesão intraepitelial de baixo grau (LSIL) e quatro (4,4 por cento) lesão intraepitelial de alto grau (HSIL). Comparando os dados das PS com citologia normal e alterada, houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas quanto ao tabagismo, início da atividade sexual, relações com pessoas do mesmo sexo e detecção de Gardnerella vaginalis. AHA classificou as PS em quatro grupos distintos, em que as PS com idade média superior apresentaram maior proporção de DST, HIV, AC e pouco uso do preservativo. As PS com menor idade média mostraram menor frequência de AC, DST, atividade sexual precoce e HIV negativo.

Presencia y persistencia de variantes moleculares del ORF E6 y ORF E7 del VPH 58 en mujeres con citología normal que pertenecen a la cohorte de Bogotá, Colombia / Presence and persistence of HPV 58 molecular variations ORF E6 and ORF E7 among women with normal cytology in the Bogotá, Colombia cohort

Objetivo: Analizar la presencia y persistencia de variantes en E6/E7/VPH 58 en muestras de mujeres con infecciones prevalentes por VPH 58, con citología normal, que pertenecen a la cohorte de Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos: Se utilizaron cepillados cervicales de 34 mujeres VPH 58, con citología normal, pertenecientes a la línea de base de la cohorte, con su respectivo seguimiento. Se amplificó la región E6/E7 del VPH 58 usando los iniciadores E6F1-E7R1 y los iniciadores E7P1-E7P2. Para el análisis de las variantes se utilizó la técnica de secuencia automática directa. La secuencia referencia del VPH 58 se utilizó para comparar las secuencias obtenidas. Resultados: En 27/34 muestras se lograron detectar variantes de E6/E7 de VPH 58. En total, se detectaron cinco variantes diferentes, dos de ellas nunca antes reportadas (A169/T307/A694/G744/A761 y T307/A694/G744/A761/G763). Los análisis de eliminación mostraron que el 75% de las variantes se habían eliminado antes de los dos años de seguimiento, y todas las variantes ya se habían eliminado a los seis años de seguimiento. Conclusiones: Dos nuevas variantes se reportaron a escala mundial de gran relevancia en los ámbitos filogenético y epidemiológico.

Objective: To analyze the presence and persistence of E6/E7 HPV58 variations in women with prevalent HPV 58 infection, with normal cytology, who belong to the Bogotá, Colombia cohort. Methods: Cervical cytobrush was used on 34 HPV58 women, with normal cytology, who are part of the cohort base line; respective follow was performed. The HPV58 E67/E7 region was broadened by using E6F1-E7R1 and E7P1-E7P2 indicators. Variation analysis was carried out with automatic direct sequencing. HPV58 sequence reference was used to compare the sequences that had been obtained. Results: In 27/34 samples, E6/E7 variations of HPV58 were successfully detected. A total of five different variations were detected, two of which had never been reported before (A169/T307/A694/G744/A761 and T307/A694/G744/A761/G763). Elimination analysis revealed that 75% of variations had been eliminated within two years of follow up, and that all variation had been eliminated at the end of six years of follow up. Conclusions: Two new variations of universal phylogenetic and epidemiologic noteworthiness were reported.